International Conference on Astrophysics and Astronomy

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With neutrinos, scientists observe our galaxy in a whole new way

Human beings for millennia have gazed with awe at the vast torrent of stars – bright and dim – shining in Earth’s night sky that comprise the Milky Way. Our home galaxy, however, is now being observed for the first time in a brand new way

Scientists said on Thursday they have produced an image of the Milky Way not based on electromagnetic radiation – light – but on ghostly subatomic particles called neutrinos. They detected high-energy neutrinos in pristine ice deep below Antarctica’s surface, then traced their source back to locations in the Milky Way – the first time these particles have been observed arising from our galaxy.

This view differs fundamentally from what we can see with our own eyes or with instruments that measure other electromagnetic sources like radio waves, microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma-rays. It is not stars and planets and other stuff observable thanks to their light, but rather the mysterious sources of neutrinos originating in the galaxy, perhaps remnants of explosive star deaths called supernovas.

The neutrinos were detected over a span of a decade at the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at a U.S. scientific research station at the South Pole, using more than 5,000 sensors covering an area the size of a small mountain.

“This observation is ground-breaking. It established the galaxy as a neutrino source. Every future work will refer to this observation,” said Georgia Tech physicist Ignacio Taboada, spokesperson for the IceCube research.

“When we discovered neutrinos of cosmic origin in 2013, it was somewhat of a surprise to us that we did not find a flux that originated in the nearby sources of our own galaxy. Galactic sources were supposed to dominate the sky, as they do in all wavelengths of light. It took us a decade to discover our own galaxy,” said University of Wisconsin physicist and IceCube lead scientist Francis Halzen.

Neutrinos are electrically neutral, undisturbed by even the strongest magnetic field, and rarely interact with matter, earning the nickname “ghost particle.” As neutrinos travel through space, they pass unimpeded through matter – stars, planets and, for that matter, people.

“Just as light goes without stopping through glass, neutrinos can go through everything, including the whole planet Earth,” Taboada said.

“The neutrino is an elementary particle, meaning they are not made up of anything smaller. They are not the building blocks of ‘stuff,’ like electrons and quarks are, but they are created in nuclear processes. They are also created when protons (subatomic particles) and (atomic) nuclei interact at very high energies,” said physicist Naoko Kurahashi Neilson of Drexel University in Philadelphia, a member of the research team that detailed the findings in the journal Science.

Many aspects of the universe are indecipherable using light alone. The ability to use particles like neutrinos in astronomy enables a more robust examination, much as the confirmation of ripples in the fabric of space-time called gravitational waves, announced in 2016, opened another new frontier. This field is called “multi-messenger astrophysics.”

Neutrinos are produced by the same sources as cosmic rays, the highest-energy particles ever observed, but differ in a key respect. Cosmic rays, as electrically charged particles, cannot be traced straight back to their source because strong magnetic fields in space alter their trajectory. The direction from which neutrinos arrive points directly back to their original source.

The researchers harnessed machine learning to help distinguish neutrinos originating in our galaxy from those originating elsewhere. They released an illustration of their findings with neutrinos from the Milky Way represented by light, with a heavy concentration at the galaxy’s core.

How the neutrinos originated is a matter of debate. The observations were consistent with the idea of a diffuse emission of neutrinos in the Milky Way, but these particles could arise from specific yet-unknown sources.

“This is now the key question. Neutrinos only originate in sources where cosmic rays are produced. They are tracers of cosmic ray sources. The key question is where these cosmic rays originate,” Halzen said.

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Monday, June 26, 2023

Black hole enters our Solor system

A black hole entering our solar system would be an extraordinary event with significant consequences for the celestial bodies and structures within our system. Here's a hypothetical description of what might occur if a black hole entered our solar system:

Detection: Astronomers and scientists would likely detect the presence of a black hole before it physically enters our solar system. They would observe disturbances in the trajectories of nearby celestial bodies and gravitational waves that indicate the gravitational influence of a massive object. Orbital Disturbances: As the black hole approaches, its immense gravitational pull would disrupt the orbits of planets, moons, asteroids, and comets within our solar system. The planets' paths would be altered, potentially leading to collisions or close encounters between celestial bodies. Tidal Forces: The gravitational forces exerted by the black hole would cause extreme tidal effects. Tidal forces arise from the difference in gravitational pull between two points, resulting in stretching and squeezing of objects. Tidal effects could lead to immense gravitational tugs on planets, causing significant geological upheavals and even tearing apart smaller objects like asteroids and moons.

#AstroEventOfTheCentury #BlackHoleInSolarSystem #CelestialDisruption #GravitationalChaos #TidalForces #PlanetaryCollisions #AstroPhysics #CosmicConsequences #AstronomicalRevolution #GravityPower #StellarInvasion

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Evidence of water on mars

There is compelling evidence to suggest the presence of water on Mars. Over the years, various missions and observations have provided valuable data supporting this claim. Here are some key pieces of evidence:

Martian Polar Ice Caps: Mars has permanent ice caps at its polar regions, composed mainly of water ice. These ice caps consist of a combination of water ice and carbon dioxide ice (dry ice). The polar ice caps have been observed to grow and shrink with the seasons, indicating a dynamic process involving water. Liquid Water Flows: In 2015, NASA announced the discovery of recurring slope lineae (RSL) on the slopes of Martian craters and cliffs. These dark streaks appear to form and grow during warm seasons and fade during cooler seasons. The behavior of RSL strongly suggests the presence of liquid water, although the exact source and nature of the water are still under investigation. Water Vapor in the Atmosphere: The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission, launched in 2013, has provided valuable data on the Martian atmosphere. MAVEN detected and measured significant amounts of water vapor in the atmosphere, particularly during specific seasons and locations on Mars. This suggests that there are localized sources of water on the planet.

What are Mars’ “seasonal seeps”?

Also known as recurring slope linea, these “enigmatic streaks” appear as narrow, dark markings on many of Mars’ steep slopes and crater walls.
What do scientists think is the source of Mars’ seasonal seeps?Probably the Martian atmosphere. In a process called deliquescence, “salts on the surface can absorb atmospheric water vapor and trap it in their crystal structures. Then, when the crystals warm up, they dissolve. The whole liquidy mix surrenders to the tug of gravity, and off it goes, tumbling downhill.”
Other, less exotic possibilities include an underground aquifer or a buried ice field that thaws with the season. (No, the Martian ice cap is not melting.)
Why is the identification of liquid water so important?
The possibility of extraterrestrial life. According to Nat Geo, “What we know so far, based on the single example of Earth, is that life tends to show up wherever there’s water. That’s why NASA’s search for life beyond Earth has been driven by the mantra, ‘Follow the water.’”
Why water?
Water is [one of] our only naturally occurring inorganic liquids, the only one not arising from organic growth.
Water dissolves just about anything.
Water is the only chemical compound that occurs naturally on Earth’s surface in all three physical states: solid, liquid, and gas. Good thing, otherwise the hydrological cycle that most living things rely on to ferry water from the oceans to the land and back again would not exist.
Water also has an extremely large liquid range. Pure water freezes at 0°C (32°F) and boils at 100°C (212°F). Add salt and you can lower the freezing temperature. Add pressure and you can raise the boiling temperature. . . [This means that temperatures] can undergo extreme variations—between night and day, say, or between seasons—without water freezing or boiling away.
Unlike most other liquids when they freeze, water expands and becomes less dense. [Frozen water floats, not sinks.] If it sank, ice, being unable to melt because of the insulating layer of water above it, would slowly fill up lakes and oceans in cold climates, making sea life in those parts of the world a challenging prospect.
Water plays another key role in the biochemistry of life: bending enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, making them occur much faster than they otherwise would. To do their handiwork, enzymes must take on a specific three-dimensional shape. Never mind how, but it is water molecules that facilitate this.
Why liquid?
The biochemical reactions that sustain life need a fluid in order to operate. In a liquid, molecules can dissolve and chemical reactions occur. [Liquid also] effectively conveys vital substances . . . from one place to another, whether it’s around a cell, an organism, an ecosystem, or a planet
#WaterOnMars
#MartianWater
#MarsH2O
#LiquidWaterOnMars
#MarsPolarIceCaps
#RSLonMars (Recurring Slope Lineae)

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Friday, June 23, 2023

Not Science Fiction: Planet Orbiting 2 Stars Discovered Using New Technique

A pioneering team of astronomers has become the first to use an old technique, known as the radial velocities method, to discover a new circumbinary planet — a planet that orbits two stars. As part of the discovery, a second planet was also found orbiting the same stars, making this only the second confirmed multi-planet circumbinary system to date.

It is only the second such system found with 2 planets.

An international team of astronomers is the first to apply an old technique to discover a new type of planet that orbits two stars – what is known as a circumbinary planet.

As an added bonus, researchers found a second planet that is orbiting the same two stars, which is only the second confirmed multi-planet circumbinary system found to date. The study was published on June 12 in the journal Nature Astronomy.

Circumbinary planets were once relegated to only science fiction, but thanks to data collected from NASA’s Kepler mission, astronomers now know that multiple star systems are more common than previously thought. While many may not have planets of their own, roughly half the stars in the sky are made up of double, triple, or quaternary formations. The other half are single stars like our sun, yet despite their quantity, scientists understand very little about the planets that form around multiple star systems.

“When a planet orbits two stars, it can be a bit more complicated to find because both of its stars are also moving through space,” said David Martin, co-author of the study and NASA Sagan Fellow in astronomy at The Ohio State University. “So how we can detect these stars’ exoplanets, and the way in which they are formed, are all quite different.”

The newly discovered system is called TOI-1338/BEBOP-1 for the planetary detection survey Binaries Escorted by Orbiting Planets, the team initiated to increase the number of known circumbinary planets. To date, it is only the second binary star system known to host multiple planets ever confirmed. Only 12 circumbinary planet systems have ever been discovered.

At the heart of their finding, the study revealed a large gas giant, which has an orbital period around the two stars of 215 days.

But what makes their discovery so special, Martin said, is how the planet was located. Of the more than 5,000 worlds that astronomers have found since the first exoplanet was discovered in 1995, most have been tracked down using a technique called the transit method. Widely considered to be the most effective way of proving the existence of other worlds, the method allows astronomers to indirectly detect a planet by measuring a dip in the brightness of light when a planet crosses between a star and an observer on Earth.

However, in this study, researchers detail the first-ever detection of a known circumbinary planet solely using observations made with the radial velocities method, an approach that relies on measuring the gravitational shifts planets exert on their host stars over time. It’s the same approach used to find the 1995 exoplanet, now known as Dimidium.

“Whereas people were previously able to find planets around single stars using radial velocities pretty easily, this technique was not being successfully used to search for binaries,” said Martin.

It’s because radial velocities, while successful at detecting planets around single stars, have historically struggled to find planets in binaries where there are multiple sets of stellar spectra, he said. Yet by targeting binaries where one star is much brighter than the other, the BEBOP program could soon help find many more, said Martin.

Previous research has shown that radial velocities could be used to locate a planetary system astronomers were already aware of called Kepler-16, but this study advances that work by discovering a brand new planet.

The discovery could also bode well for scientists devoted to looking for life on other planets, as according to the study, the inner planet already found in this binary system would be a prime candidate for atmospheric study by the James Webb Space Telescope. Atmospheric characterizations search for proof of biological activity and assess the likelihood of a planet having conditions conducive to life as humans on Earth know it.

If NASA does choose to turn Webb’s eye toward the planet in this study, it would be the first system of its kind amenable to atmospheric investigation, Martin said. “If we are to unveil the mysteries and intricacies behind circumbinary planets, our discovery provides a new hope,” he said.

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